It is an opportunistic pathogen on numerous hosts causing leaf spots, rots and blights on many plant parts. Morphology, phylogeny and pathogenicity of alternaria species, involved in leaf spot disease of sunflower in northern iran. This beautiful tome is a compilation of a lifetimes work on alternaria and related genera and will help scientists, both research and. Alternaria solani is a fungal pathogen that produces a disease in tomato and potato plants called early blight. Alternaria alternata causes early blight of potato, leaf spot disease in withania somnifera and can infest many other plants. Influence of environment and culture media on spore morphology of alternaria alternata i. A closely related mold, ulocladium chartarum, which is very common in indoor environments is frequently misidentified as alternaria alternata. Pathogen biology the causal pathogen of early blight is the fungus alternaria solani. Morphology, phylogeny and pathogenicity of alternaria species. The fungus alternaria panax whetzel causes leaf and stem blight of american ginseng panax quinquefolius l.
Morphological and physiological characterization of. The allergens of cladosporium herbarum and alternaria alternata. Hostselective toxins produced by the plant pathogenic. Conidial morphology, virulence, molecular characterization. Natural epidemics of blight disease are strongly influenced by environmental conditions, even though several diseases appears every year in north western of algeria which can cause complete loss of the crop when the infection is severe. Alternaria solani is a plant pathogen and the causative agent of early blight in solanum species. Although usually seen as saprophytic contaminants, alternaria species in particular a. Alternaria solani early blight of tomato bugwoodwiki.
Early blight alternaria solani is an important disease causing severe damage in tomato. Alternaria blight on araliaceous plants is a common disease caused by alternaria panax whetzel and occurs worldwide. Morphological, cultural, pathogenic and molecular studies of. The pathogen produces distinctive bullseye patterned leaf spots and can also cause stem lesions and fruit rot on tomato and tuber blight on potato. Amongst these isolates, alternaria tenuissima was the most prevalent species representing 76. Some smallspored species belonging to the genus alternaria nees have been studied according to their chemical, morphological, and cultural characteristics. A ubiquitous genus containing common saprophytes in soil and air, and plant pathogens. It also causes upper respiratory infections in aids patients, asthma in people with sensitivity, and has been implicated in chronic rhinosinusitis. Alternaria alternata is fundamentally a ubiquitous, saprophytic fungus isolated from various dead plant materials and is also familiar as a weak pathogen causing indefinite or opportunistic disease on a number of crops rotem, 1994.
Alternaria is a large genus that belongs to phylum ascomycota sac fungi. Multilocus genotype studies have shown the alternaria complex currently comprises nine genera and eight alternaria sections woudenbert et al. Figure 1 morphology of small spore alternaria species causing blight disease on member of solanaceae in algeria on psa culture. Occurrence of alternaria alternata causing alternaria blight. Alternaria is a very large and complex genus that encompasses hundreds of species, although specific data are difficult to obtain because of the proliferation of nomenclature of dubious taxonomic validity. In the laboratory he found alternaria species in all samples, and then ran more tests to characterize their morphology physical form, genetic diversity and immunological properties. Alternaria is a dematiaceous hyphomycete that is frequently involved in human infection. Alternaria alternata is a fungus which has been recorded causing leaf spot and other diseases on over 380 host species of plant. Habitat, symptoms and reproduction deuteromycotina. Influence of environment and culture media on spore. Relationships and taxonomic status of alternaria radicina a. The optimum ph levels of alternaria solani grow in vitro were 67 and the optimum growing temperatures of the isolates recovery in this study was 25 and 30c. The genus alternaria is a large and important group of pathogenic fungi, which cause a significant number of important diseases.
Alternaria alternata an overview sciencedirect topics. Detection and identification of alternaria species causing diseases of carrot in ankara province, turkey senem tulek1, fatma sara dolar2 1ministry of agriculture and rural affairs, central plant protection research institute, 06172, yenimahalle, ankara, turkey, phone. Isolates on potato dextrose agar and other media produce yellowish to reddish diffusible pigments in the media. These taxa are easily dif ferentiated based on conidial morphology but species. It can also cause upper respiratory tract infections and asthma in humans with compromised immunity. However, the prevalence of fungal sensitivity in asthma is not completely understood. Its conidiophores are comparatively less geniculate than those of ulocladium, and its conidia are typically in chains, while those of ulocladium are mostly formed singly or only in very short chains. All the isolates produced light brown conidia with. Alternaria alternata black rot, black spot pdf free. Production of alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether. Pdf morphology, phylogeny and pathogenicity of alternaria. Morphological, pathogenic, and molecular characterization of alternaria isolates associated with alternaria late blight of pistachio barry m. All of the isolates were identified as alternaria alternata based on cultural and morphological characteristics.
Alternaria alternata black rot, black spot pdf free download. Alternaria alternata causing alternaria blight in pigeonpea was characterized first time at molecular level using rdnaits region. Differentiation of alternaria infectoria and alternaria alternata based on morphology, metabolite profiles, and cultural characteristics. Most of the isolates were or were closely related to two alternaria species, a.
A majority of alternaria species are saprobic, which means that they are largely involved in the decomposition of various organic matter. Saprobe, although sometimes associated with leaf spots. Regardless of similarity in conidial morphology of the hstproducing pathogens, they have limited. Especially, the fungal production of secondary metabolites on laboratory media is known as an important trait in such a classi. No such alternaria disease of pears occurs in the eppo. Characterization and pathogenicity of alternaria burnsii.
Isolation and expression of a cdna clone encoding an alternaria alternata alt a 1 subunit. Sep 30, 2007 early blight alternaria solani is an important disease causing severe damage in tomato. Cultural, morphological, pathogenic and molecular variability. Influence of environment and culture media on spore morphology of alternaria alternata. Alternaria solani is known economically important and the casual agent of early blight on potato and tomato.
Alternaria alternata is a fungus that can infect fruits mainly via wounds, or natural openings, therefore control of alternaria rot depends on careful handling during picking, washing, and packing to prevent physiological diseases and. Conidiophores arising singly or in small groups, pale to golden brown, up to 50 m long, 36 m thick, with one or more distinct conidial scars. Previous research has concluded that alternaria alternata is the causal agent of late blight of pistachio 7,38. Identification of alternaria alternata as a causal agent for leaf blight in syringa species article pdf available in the plant pathology journal 272. Distinguishing features alternaria can usually be distinguished from ulocladium by its obclavate conidia with a beak at the apex. Morphological and cultural characterization of alternaria alternata. Identification of plant pathogens is very important in helping to find effective disease control or management methods. Laea and vea are involved in growth morphology, asexual. Relationships and taxonomic status of alternaria radicina. Request pdf multigene phylogeny and morphology of alternaria reveal a novel species and a new record in china two alternaria species, a. Differentiation of altemaria infectoria and alternaria alternata based on morphology, metabolite profiles, and cultural characteristics. For all isolates, morphological characteristics of the colony and sporulation apparatus were determined and compared with those of representative isolates of a. It seems that some alternaria species or subclusters have their own unique metabolite pro. Middleton veteran hospital, madison, wisconsin, usa sensitivity to fungi is a.
Several formspecies are found as saprobes on dead and decaying plant parts and in the soil while some formspecies are facultative parasites, infecting a large number of higher plants. Developing a mathematical representation of the geometric form for alternaria for quantification of morphology would also assist linking morphometrics to biological and ecological function. Molecular characterization, morphology, and pathogenicity of. U r a l scie n a t nce d f a d n ound journal of applied. Alternaria solani is a deuteromycete with a polycyclic life cycle. The allergens of cladosporium herbarum and alternaria. Alternaria fungi classifications, characteristics and. Journal of the faculty of agriculture, tottori university, 18. Characterization of alternaria infectoria extracellular vesicles. A sensitive twosite enzymelinked immunosorbent assay for measurement of the major alternaria alternata allergen alt a 1. In the present study we collected the sexual morph of alternaria alternata from italy in 20 and 2014. Occurrence of alternaria alternata causing alternaria. A data matrix was constructed based on a combination of characters.
Characterization of alternaria alternata isolates causing. Differentiation of altemaria infectoria and alternaria. Morphology and physiology characteristics of alternaria solani were investigated for identification and variability. These fungi were identified on morphological characteristics. Colony morphology on standard media and conidial morphology. An identification manual fills a very large void in the scientific literature and it is quite certain that the volume will become the standard reference for those needing to have critical access to alternaria literature and taxonomic information. Cultures did not produce the asexual morph but phylogenetically our collections mflucc 141185, mflucc 141184 are 100% similar with the type strain of alternaria alternata cbs 916. The fungi which are frequently associated with leaf blight, stem blight and apical fruit rot of solanaceae family are alternaria arborescens, a. The role of alternaria alternata alternaria solani and a. Phenotypic and phylogenetic segregation of alternaria. Alternaria spores can be at their highest concentrations during dry, windy conditions that are ideal for the spores to become airborne. When grown on media having a high nutritional content, a. Cultures did not produce the asexual morph but phylogenetically our collections mflucc 141185, mflucc 141184 are 100% similar with the type strain of alternaria alternata. Habit and habitat of alternaria alternaria is represented by about 50 species.
Alternaria solani an overview sciencedirect topics. Molecular characterization, morphology, and pathogenicity. Alternaria solani reproduces asexually by means of conidia. A decade of transition of polyoxintolerant strains of alternaria alternata japanese pear pathotype in the field ecosystem. Alternaria fungi classifications, characteristics and pathogenesis.
Identification of alternaria alternata as a causal agent for leaf blight in syringa species. Mathur and agnihotri 1961 reported fruit rot of chilli caused by alternaria tenuis nees from rajasthan. Alternaria spores can be detected from spring through late fall in most temperate areas, and can reach levels of thousands of spores per cubic meter of air. There is no known sexual stage and hence it is classified as a deuteromycete. In the course of survey of endophytic fungi from bangladesh pumpkin seeds in 20112012, two strains cnu111042 and cnu111043 with similar colony characteristics were isolated and characterized by their morphology and by molecular phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer, glyceraldehydes3phosphate dehydrogenase gpd, and alternaria allergen.
Characterization of alternaria alternata isolates causing brown spot of potatoes in south africa by. Cluster analysis of its rdna sequences did not provide reliable differentiation between. Abstract alternaria isolates were obtained from various pistachio tissues collected in five orchards in california. Alternaria alternata, the causal agent of leaf blight of sunflower in. Taxonomy of alternaria on brassicas is principally based on morphology and interaction with host plant of each of the species occurring a.
Variation in morphology and cultural characteristics among 32 representative indian geographical isolates of alternaria brassicae, the causal agent of alternaria blight of cauliflower vegetable rapeseedmustard oil seed, was studied. All the isolates produced light brown conidia with muriform shape, but the isolates. The conidia are 1220 x 120296 um and are found singly or in chains of two. Modelling and visualizing morphology in the fungus alternaria. Mar 20, 2006 in the laboratory he found alternaria species in all samples, and then ran more tests to characterize their morphology physical form, genetic diversity and immunological properties. Estiarte n1, lawrence cb2, sanchis v3, ramos aj4, cresposempere a5. The mold alternaria is a well recognized allergy causing fungus. The species was identified by icar as alternaria alternata itccindian type culture collection no. Alternaria isolates were recovered and identified based on morphological characters and sequence analyses of rdnaits regions and histone 3 genes. Morphological, pathogenic, and molecular characterization of. Selected isolates from genetic groups determined by aflp analysis were examined based on the results of.
All the isolates produced light brown conidia with muriform shape, but the isolates varied in the size. Alternaria alternata black rot, black spot 183 mmbaga, m. Multigene phylogeny and morphology of alternaria reveal a. Detection and identification of alternaria species causing diseases of carrot in ankara province, turkey senem tulek1, fatma sara dolar2 1ministry of agriculture and rural affairs, central plant protection research institute, 06172. Kimble department of plant pathology, university of california, davis, ca 95616. Conidial morphology, virulence, molecular characterization, and hostparasite interactions of selected alternaria panax isolates on american ginseng. Morphology, phylogeny and pathogenicity of alternaria. Characterization of alternaria alternata isolates causing brown spot of potatoes in south africa by joel prince dube submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of master in science agriculture plant pathology in the faculty of natural and agricultural sciences department of microbiology and plant pathology. Its sequencing is sufficient for genus and usually species level identification and can clearly differentiate a. Laea and vea are involved in growth morphology, asexual development, and mycotoxin production in alternaria alternata. Molecular characterization, morphology, and pathogenicity of alternaria panax from araliaceous plants. Here we identify and characterize extracellular vesicles evs in alternaria infectoria, a ubiquitous, environmental filamentous fungus that is also an opportunistic human pathogen.
Mechanism of the alternaria alternata pathogenicity in mdpi. Identification and enumeration of smallspored alternaria species. Morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization. Cultural and morphological variability among the isolates. Morphological and molecular characterization of alternaria isolates. It produces numerous polyketides such as solanapyrone a 50 and alternaric acid 51, and is thus an ideal target species for speculative pks genefishing expeditions figure 4. Michailides department of plant pathology, university of californiadavis, kearney agricultural center, parlier 93648. Morphological and molecular characterization of alternaria alternata. Morphological, pathogenic, and molecular characterization. U r a l scie n a t nce d f a d n ound journal of applied and.
Characterization of alternaria alternata isolates causing brown spot. Middleton veteran hospital, madison, wisconsin, usa sensitivity to fungi is a major risk factor for the development of asthma. Cluster analysis of the combined data set showed good resolution of two groups of smallspored alternaria. Morphological and physiological characters of alternaria. First report of rice leaf spot by alternaria gaisen from pakistan. Conidia have 911 transverse septa cross walls and long beaks. Supported in part by the california fresh market tomato advisory board. Conidia in branched chains of up to 1520, sometimes separated by short secondary conidiophores, straight or slightly curved, obclavate, obpyriform, ovoid or. Conidia of alternaria alternata formed in natural media by vapor equilibration or by additions of osmotica habitats usually are larger, have longer beaks, and are more before inoculation also increased the size of conidia formed.
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